Due to the COCOM limits on commercial GPS systems in smartphones, a phone's GPS should fail to work when it is higher than 16,000 ft [http://support.spectracom.com/articles/FAQ/Why-are-there-alt...].

Since Pokémon GO's client requires functional GPS and locks out when it cannot use one (to prevent cheating around turning off one's GPS when one is at a location of interest to pretend you haven't left it), it will fail to operate at ISS orbital altitude, even if it has reliable network link to the Pokémon GO servers.

So the answer to your question is "Only if one of the crew packed a Game Boy and a copy of one of the previous games." ;)